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Important Questions of Manufacturing Industries Class 10
Case Based
Read the case/source given and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option.
India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies the first place in the production of gur and khandsari. The raw material used in this industry is bulky, and in haulage its sucrose content reduces. The mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. This industry is seasonal in nature so, it is ideally suited to the cooperative sector. Can you explain why this is so? In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra; this is because the cane produced here has higher sucrose content. The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season. Moreover, the cooperatives are more successful in these states. Major challenges include the seasonal nature of the industry, old and inefficient methods of production, transport delay in reaching cane to factories and the need to maximise the use of bagasse.
(i) Fill in the blank from the given options:
India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies the first place in the production of gur and khandsari. Sugar industry comes under …………… group of industries.
(a) Public sector
(b) Cooperative sector
(c) Private sector
(d) Joint sector venture
Answer : (b) Sugar industry comes under cooperative sector of industries.
(ii) Read the following statements about cooperative sector and find the incorrect from the given options.
I. Cooperative Sector is owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.
II. This sector pools in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately.
III. This sector is jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals.
Codes
(a) Only I
(b) Both I and II
(c) Only III
(d) Both I and III
Answer : (c) Statement III is incorrect regarding the Cooperative Sector. It is the Joint Sector Venture which is run by the state and the individuals or a group of individuals, e.g. Oil India Limited.
(iii) Why sugar mills are perfectly convenient for the sector in which industries owned by suppliers or producers of raw materials, workers or both? With reference to the above context, infer the appropriate option.
(a) Because this industry is seasonal in nature.
(b) Dueto its efficient methods of production.
(c) Due to better transport system.
(d) Because raw material are bulky.
Answer : (a) Sugar mills are perfectly convenient for the sector in which industries owned by suppliers or producers of raw materials, workers or both because this industry is seasonal in nature.
(iv) Why there is a high concentration of sugar mills in Uttar Pradesh? Select the best suitable option from the following in reference to the context.
(a) Because Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of sugarcane.
(b) Because labour is easily available in Uttar Pradesh.
(c) Due to high consumption in Uttar Pradesh.
(d) All of the above
Answer : (a) There is a high concentration of sugar mills in Uttar Pradesh because it is the largest producer of sugarcane.
(v) Why Sugar industries are shifting to the South and the West? Identify the best suitable reason from the given options.
(a) Due to cooler climate in these areas.
(b) Due to success of cooperative movement in these areas.
(c) Due to higher sucrose content in the sugarcanes cultivated in these areas.
(d) All of the above
Answer : (d) All the given statements are correct.
(vi) Which of the following is not a major challenge for sugar industry? Select the best suitable option from the following.
(a) Traditional methods of production
(b) Need to maximise the use of bagasse
(c) Availability of water
(d) Seasonal nature of this industry
Answer : (c) Availability of water is not a major challenge for sugar industry.
Case Based Questions
Read the given cases/sources and answer the following questions
Source A Importance of Manufacturing Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy, they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
Question. To what extent do you agree that manufacturing industries are important for people? State only two reasons.
Ans. It is true that manufacturing industries are important for people because these industries create jobs for people and reduce heavy dependence of people on agricultural income. SourceB Contributionof Industry toNational Economy Over the last two decades, the share of manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17 per cent of GDP – out of a total of 27 per cent for the industry which includes 10 per cent for mining, quarrying, electricity and gas. This is much lower in comparison to some East Asian economies, where it is 25 to 35 per cent.
Question. Why it is said that manufacturing sector of Indian economy is much lower than the East Asian economics? What initiatives are taken by the government to deal with this situation?
Ans. Manufacturing sector of Indian economy is much lower than the East Asian economics because the manufacture sector of India has stagnated at 17% of GDP whereas East Asian economics have 25-35% GDP. In order to develop the sector of manufacturing industries, government has set up the National manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC). The objective is to bring appropriate policy to improve productivity to achieve desired growth rate. Source C IndustrialLocation Industrial locations are complex in nature. These are influenced by availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market, etc. It is rarely possible to find all these factors available at one place. Consequently, manufacturing activity tends to locate at the most appropriate place where all the factors of industrial location are either available or can be arranged at lower cost.
Question. Why it is said that it is rarely possible to find all the factors of industrial location available at one place? State only one aspect.
Ans. It is rarely possible to find all the factors of industrial location available at one place because these factors are different in nature. For example, some factors are physical in nature like raw materials, water source and climate whereas some are human factors such as labour, capital, power and market places. 2 Read the given case/source and answer the following questions. In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc. contributed towards its localisation. This industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton ball pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing. The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, packaging materials and engineering works.
Question. Which two places were important in early years for the concentration of textile industry in India? State any one challenge faced by cotton textile industries in India.
Ans. Gujarat and Maharashtra were important in early years for the concentration of textile industry in India. The challenges faced by cotton textile industries in India is that this industry faces stiff competition from the synthetic fibre in terms of cost and convenience of use.
Question. To what extent do you agree that these places are suitable for the location of cotton textile industry? State any two reasons.
Ans. Gujarat and Maharashtra are suitable for the location of cotton textile industry because
(i) Both states have favourable climate conditions for growing cotton.
(ii) Both states have well developed market, where there is a lot of demand for cotton textiles.
Question. To what extent do you agree that cotton textile industry has close links with agriculture and also supports other industries as well? State two reasons.
Ans. It is true that cotton textile industry has close links with agriculture and also supports industries as
(i) Cotton textile industry provides a living to farmers and cotton ball pluckers because they grow cotton which is the basic raw material of this industry.
(ii) This industry by creating demands supports many other industries. For example, chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works.
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question. What is the full form of NMCC?
Ans. National Manufacturing Competitiveness council. Related Theory NMCC has been set up to increase productivity of manufacturers by incorporating appropriate policy interventions.
Question. Suggest any one way to promote the jute textile industry in India.
Ans. The jute textile industry can be improved by promoting jute packaging/jute products as environment friendly, biodegradable products and viable alternative to synthetic fibres. 25. Which industry is an example of joint sector industry? Ans. Oil India Limited is a joint sector industry. Related Theory Joint sector Industry are industries jointly owned by state and individual industrialists. They’re an example of Public-private partnership.
Question. Name the only industry which is self reliant in its value chain.
Ans. Textile industry is the only industry to be selfreliant and complete in the value chain – from raw material to the final products etc.
Question. What is a basic industry?
Ans. An industry which supply its products or raw materials to manufacture other goods is called a basic industry. Example-Iron and steel industry. Explanation: Basic industries are also known as key industries. For example, aluminum smelting, copper smelting.
Short Answer Type Questions
Question. What is manufacturing? How does manufacturing lead to value addition of the raw material? Explain with the help of examples.
Ans. Production of goods in large quantities by processing of raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. Manufacturing leads to value addition of the raw material as people employed in the secondary activities manufacture the primary materials into finished goods. These finished goods are more useful, hence more in value. For example, paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore, aluminium from bauxite, etc. Thus, raw materials are transformed into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value. Countries that transform in this way are prosperous.
Question. What is the contribution of industries to national economy of India? Compare this contribution with the East-Asian countries. What is the desired growth and present position of industry in GDP?
Ans. The contribution of industries to national economy of India has not been satisfactory for the last two decades. It has stagnated at 17 per cent of GDP out of a total of 27 per cent for the industries which includes 10 per cent of mining, quarrying, electricity and gas. In comparison to India’s 17 per cent share in the GDP, the manufacturing sector in East-Asian countries have a contribution of 25 to 35 per cent of their GDP. The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12 per cent. At present, growth rate is about 9 to 10 per cent and it is expected that we can achieve the growth rate of 12 per cent by some efforts like setting up of the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC).
Question. “Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand.” Justify the statement by giving any three arguments.
Ans. Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand. For example, (i) Industrialisation causes growth in available factory jobs. As a result, employment rate increaseswhich pulls people fromvarious places towards the placeswhere industries are located. (ii) Many industries tend to come together to make use of advantages offered by the urban centres. (iii) Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice, which are needed by the industry.
Question. Why was the cotton textile industry concentrated in the cotton growing belt in the early years? Explain.
Ans. In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat due to availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc. This industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton ball pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing. The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works. All these factors determine location of cotton mill in early years.
Question. Explain any three problems faced by cotton textile industries in India.
Ans. Three problems faced by cotton textile industries in India are
(i) Power supply is erratic. Regular power supply without breaks is essential for this industry.
(ii) Output of labour is low because the machinery is outdated. Particularly in the weaving and processing sectors, the machinery needs to be upgraded.
(iii) This industry faces stiff competition from the synthetic fibre industry in terms of cost and convenience of use. 6. Mention any six factors responsible for the location of jute mills in the Hugli basin.
Answer : Factors responsible for location of jute mills in the Hugli basin are
(i) Proximity of the jute producing areas.
(ii) Inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways and roadways.
(iii) Abundance of water for processing raw jute.
(iv) Availability of cheap labour from nearby areas.
(v) Facilities for export of jute goods. (vi) Banking, insurance and other commercial facilities to jute industry.
Question. Mention any two challenges faced by the jute industry in India. State any one step taken by the government to stimulate its demand.
Ans. The two challenges faced by the jute industry in India are
(i) Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes.
(ii) Supply competition from other jute producing nations like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. The step taken by the government to stimulate the demand for jute is that it has introduced a policy of mandatory use of jute packaging. The main markets of jute industries are USA, Canada, Ghana, Saudi Arabia, UK and Australia.
Question. What are mineral based industries? Give four examples.
Ans. Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral based industries. Four examples of mineral based industries are
(i) The Iron and Steel Industry All other industries depend on it for their machinery.
(ii) Chemical Industry It contributes approximately 3 per cent of India’s GDP.
(iii) Fertiliser Industry It is centered around the production of nitrogenous, phosphatic, ammonium phosphate and complex fertiliser.
(iv) Cement Industry This requires limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum as raw materials.
Question. Why is iron and steel industry called the basic industry? What are the problems faced by this industry?
Or
Explain any three problems faced by Iron and Steel industry in India.
Ans. Iron and steel industry is known as the basic industry because all the other industries (heavy, medium and light) depend on it for their machinery and products. Problems faced by this industry are (i) The finished goods of this industry are heavy and bulky that require heavy transportations costs.
(ii) There is limited availability of coking coal and productivity of labour is low. Other problems are irregular supply of energy and poor infrastructure.
Question. Mention any two factors that have contributed to a healthy growth of the automobile industry in India. Name two centres where this industry is located.
Ans. Two factors contributing to healthy growth of the automobile sector are
(i) Liberalisation is one of the major factors which provided boost in the growth of the automobile industry in India.With the introduction of new and contemporary models of automobiles in the country, the demand for these vehicles increased at a faster pace.
(ii) With the introduction of new technology in this sector, Indian industries are now capable to compete with the global technologies. This could happen by Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Two major centres where this industry is located are Gurugram and Indore.
Question. How do industries create thermal and noise pollution? Mention their consequences.
Ans. Industries create thermal and noise pollution in the following ways ! Thermal pollution of water bodies occurs when hot water from factories and thermal power plants is released into them before cooling. The consequence of thermal pollution are that aquatic life in the water bodies can be killed. This includes plants as well as fish. ! Noise pollution is generated by the unbearable noise from industrial and construction activities, machinery, generators, pneumatic and electric tools. The consequences of noise polutions create irritation, anger, stress, hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects.
Question. Examine how industrial pollution of freshwater can be reduced. Or Suggest any three measures to reduce the industrial pollution of freshwater resources.
Ans. The industrial pollution of freshwater resources can be reduced in the following ways (i) Restructuring the manufacturing processes in various industries to reduce or eliminate pollutants through pollution prevention methods.
(ii) Creating man-made cooling ponds designed to cool heated effluent waters of industries by evaporation, condensation and radiation.
(iii) Filtration of the sewage in water treatment plants before dumping it into water bodies.
Question. Mention the negative impacts of waste from the nuclear plant.
Ans. Negative impacts of waste from the nuclear plants are ! Waste from nuclear plants have radioactive properties and may cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. ! Nuclear wastes are generally dumped in deep sea-water. In case of their unfortunate leakage, there will be severe threat to aquatic life. ! Radioactive contamination can easily spread throughout the environment and the air, land and water can all become polluted and harm humans and other life forms. 14. Explain any five measures to control industrial pollution in India.
Or
Suggest any three steps to minimise environmental degradation caused by industrial development in India.
Or
Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry.
Ans. Five measures or steps to control or minimise industrial pollution in India are
(i) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
(ii) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
(iii) Updated machinery and equipment should be used that makes less noise and generators should be fitted with silencers.
(iv) Pollution check certificates should be made compulsory. (v) Machineries used in the industries can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise. Noise absorbing materials may also be used.
Question. ‘‘Sugar industry in India is facing challenges.’’ Analyse the statement with suitable arguments.
Ans. Sugar industry in India is facing lot of challenges which are (i) This industry is seasonal as it is dependent on sugarcane which is an annual crop. Workers get employed only for a short period. (ii) The machines and ways of producing sugar from sugarcane are old and inefficient.
(iii) The raw material i.e. sugarcane is bulky which increases the transportation cost and difficulty of transporting.
(iv) The sucrose content in sugarcane keeps on decreasing with time so transport delay in reaching sugarcane to factories results in losses.
(v) There is also the challenge of using the byproducts of sugarcane properly like bagasse. !
Question. “The textile industry is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain.” Justify the statement.
Ans. The textile industry is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain because:
(1) It contributes significantly to industrial production (14%).
(2) It generates employment for about 35 million people.
(3) It earns foreign exchange of about 24.6%.
(4) It contributes about 4% towards GDP.
Question. Why has the ‘Chhotanagpur Plateau Region’ the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries ? Analyse the reasons.
Ans. ‘Chotanagpur Plateau Region’ has maximum concentration of Iron and Steel industries because:
(1) Low cost of iron ore is available
(2) High grade raw material is in proximity
(3) Cheap labour
(4) Vast growth potential in the home market
Question. Describe the importance of the cotton textile industry in the Indian economy.
Ans. The importance of the cotton textile industry in the Indian economy is:
(1) The textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy because of its significant contributions towards industrial production, employment generation, and foreign exchange earnings.
(2) Additionally, it is the only industry which is self-reliant and complete in its value chain. Hence its production employs multiple people at all stages..
(3) The industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to many people (farmers, cotton ball pluckers, dyers, designers, etc.). It therefore supports many other industries, such as chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works.
(4) The hand spun khadi also provides large scale employment to weavers in the cottage industry.
Question. Classify industries on the basis of capital investment. How are they different from one another? Explain with examples.
Ans. On the basis of capital investment, the classification can be as:
(1) Small scale industries
(2) Large scale industries Small scale industries are differentiated from large scale industries on the basis of the investment made. The limit of investment changes with time. At present, the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore for a small scale industry, whereas if investment is more than rupees one crore for an industry, then it is known as a large scale industry. Paper, toys, utensils, etc. are examples of small scale industries, whereas cement, iron, etc. are examples of large scale industries.
Question. Distinguish between an integrated steel plant and a mini steel plant in three points.
Ans. Three points of differences between an integrated steel plant and a mini steel plant are as follows:
(1) An integrated steel plant is larger than a mini steel plant.
(2) An integrated steel plant uses iron ore for making steel while mini steel plant uses scrap and sponge iron to produce steel.
(3) An integrated steel plant produces only steel while mini steel plant produces mild and alloy steel.
Question. Why do we have maximum concentration of iron and steel industry in Chhota Nagpur Plateau region? Give any three regions.
OR
Why has the Chhota Nagpur region maximum concentration of iron and steel industries? Explain any three.
Answer : The factors responsible for the concentration of iron and steel industries in and around the ‘Chhota Nagpur Plateau Region’ are as follows :
(i) Low cost of iron ore. Iron mines are located in the nearby areas.
(ii) High grade raw materials in proximity and other bulky raw materials like, coking coal, limestone are also available in proximity.
(iii) From the adjoining areas of Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha, cheap labour is available in abundance.
(iv) This region is well connected with roadways and railways that help in the swift movement of raw materials and finished goods to the industry and market areas, respectively.
(v) Kolkata is a well developed port that is near to this area.
Question. Distinguish between large scale and small scale industries. Give two examples each.
Answer : Large Scale Industries :
(i) Manufacture large quantities of finished goods.
(ii) The quantity of raw material and capital investment are large.
(iii) Example: Iron and steel industry, cotton textile industry.
Small Scale Industries :
(i) Manufacture small goods.
(ii) No huge quantity of raw material as well as capital is required.
(iii) Example: Garment industry, soap making industry.
Question. ”Agriculture gives boost to the industrial sector.” Support the statement with arguments.
Answer : Agriculture gives boost to the industrial sector :
(i) Agriculture provides raw material to industries.
(ii) Agriculture provides market for industrial products.
(iii) Agriculture helps boost new industrial products.
(iv) The industries such as cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc., are based on agricultural raw materials.
Question. Mention any two factors that have contributed to a healthy growth of the automobile industry in India? Name two centres where this industry is located.
Answer : (i) The introduction of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market.
(ii) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) brought in new technology and aligned the industry with global developments.
The two centres of automobile industry are Jamshedpur and Gurugram.
Question. Explain any three factors responsible for the location of cotton textile industry in Mumbai and Ahmedabad.
Answer : (i) Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities.
(ii) Cheap labour.
(iii) Moist climate has caused the concentration of cotton textile industries in Mumbai and Ahmedabad region.
Question. Why is cotton textile industry the largest industry in India today? Give any three reasons.
Answer : (i) Cotton textile industry contributes 14 per cent of the total industrial production.
(ii) It provides employment to 35 million persons directly – the second largest after agriculture.
(iii) It earns foreign exchange of about 24.6 per cent (4 per cent of GDP).
Question. “Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand”. Validate the statement.
OR
“Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand”. Justify the statement by giving any three arguments.
Answer : (i) After an industrial activity starts in a town, urbanisation follows. Industry provides employment to the people of the area. Population migrates from rural hinterlands to seek jobs. Housing and transport facilities are developed to accommodate these people. Other infrastructural developments take place leading to growth and development of the town into a city.
(ii) Sometimes industries are located in or near the cities.
(iii) Cities provide markets for manufactured goods.
(iv) Cities provide various services like banking and insurance etc.
Question. Suggest any three steps to minimize the environmental degradation caused by the industrial development in India.
OR
Explain any three steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industries.
Answer : Three steps to minimize the environmental degradation caused by industrial development in India are :
(i) Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
(iv) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
(v) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
(vi) Machinery and equipments can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.
(vii) Almost all machineries can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.
Question. Examine the impact of liberalisation on automobile industry of India.
Answer : Impact of liberalisation on automobile industry are:
(i) Multi-utility vehicles have been introduced.
(ii) The coming of new and contemporary models.
(iii) Healthy growth of the market.
(iv) FDI in new technology.
(v) Aligned the industry with global development.
(vi) Industry has experienced a quantum jump.
Question. Describe the importance of manufacturing.
OR
Describe the importance of manufacturing sector in countries like India.
OR
“Manufacturing sector is considered as the backbone of economic development of the country.” support the statement with examples.
Answer : The economic strength of a country lies in the development of manufacturing industries because:
(i) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture which forms the backbone of our economy.
(ii) It reduces the heavy dependence of people on the agriculture sector and creates jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
(iii) It is necessary for the removal of unemployment and poverty.
(iv) It brings down regional disparities.
(v) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and enhances prosperity.
(vi) It brings much needed foreign exchange.
Question. Distinguish between integrated steel plants and mini steel plants, stating three points of distinction.
Answer : (i) An integrated steel plant is larger than a mini steel plant.
(ii) Mini steel plant uses steel scrap and sponge iron while integrated steel plant uses basic raw materials, i.e., iron ore for making steel.
(iii) Mini steel plant produces mild and alloy steel while integrated steel plant produces only steel.
Question. Explain any three factors which were responsible for the concentration of cotton textile industry in Maharashtra and Gujarat in early years.
Answer : (i) Availability of raw cotton.
(ii) Ready markets are available.
(iii) Well-developed means of transportation.
(iv) Abundant skilled and unskilled labour at cheap rate.
(v) Moist climate which is suitable for the cotton industry.
Question. How does industry pollute the environment? Explain with three examples.
Answer : Industries are responsible for four types of pollution:
(i) Air pollution is caused by the presence of a high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories.
(ii) Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers. The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum, refineries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc., into the water bodies.
(iii) Noise pollution is due to industrial and construction activities. Machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills cause hearing problems and irritation.
Question. ”India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world. Yet we are not able to perform to our full potential.” Suggest and explain any three measures to get full potential.
OR
Why are we not able to perform to our full potential in the production of iron and steel in India ? Explain any three reasons.
Answer : India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet we are not able to perform to our full potential largely due to :
(i) High costs and limited availability of cooking coal.
(ii) Lower productivity of labour.
(iii) Irregular supply of power.
(iv) Poor infrastructure.
Question. Why is there a tendency for the sugar mills to concentrate in Southern states of India in recent years? Give three reasons.
Answer : Shifting of sugar industries to Southern states is because :
(i) Sugarcane that grows there has higher sucrose content.
(ii) Favourable climate provides longer crushing period and growing season.
(iii) Cooperatives are successful in these states.
(iv) Modern mills have more crushing capacity.
Question. Describe any three major problems faced by the cotton textile industry in India.
Ans. Major problems faced by the cotton textile industry in India are as follows:
(1) Most of the production is carried out in fragmented small units. Thus, cotton weavers are unable to reap benefits which come with large scale production.
(2) Power supply is erratic and irregular in nature, which makes production a time consuming process
(3) Machinery used by the weavers is outdated.
(4) Labourers are unskilled and have low productivity.
(5) Textile industry faces stiff competition from synthetic fibre industry.
(6) Most of the high quality yarn is not used by Indian weavers as it is exported.
Question. ‘In recent years, there is a tendency for the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra.’ Give three reasons to justify the statement.
Ans. Three reasons due to which sugar mills are shifting to southern and western states of India are as follows:
(1) The sugarcane produced here has a higher sucrose content.
(2) The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
(3) The cooperatives are more successful in these states.
Question. “India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world. Net we are not able to perform to our full potential.” Suggest and explain any three measures to get full potential.
Ans. India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world. Yet we are not able to perform to our full potential. The following measures can be adopted to reach full potential:
(1) The availability of coking coal should be increased and its cost should be reduced by importing it from other countries or using the latest technology.
(2) The productivity of labour should be increased by encouraging them to work hard and giving them a healthy environment to work.
(3) The supply of energy and electricity should be improved by introducing the latest technology and machinery.
(4) The infrastructure, machines and technology should be updated with time.
Question. Describe the importance of manufacturing industries as a backbone of economic development of the country.
OR
Explain with examples the interdependence of agriculture and industries.
Ans. The manufacturing sector is considered as the backbone of economic development of a country because:
(1) The manufacturing sector provides employment to a large number of people in the industrial as well as service sectors.
(2) It helps in increasing agricultural productivity by modernising agriculture.
(3) It also helps in minimising regional disparities by setting up industries in tribal and backward areas of the country.
(4) It leads to the economic development of the country by getting foreign exchange in return of trading goods.
(5) It also leads to the expansion of trade and commerce.
(6) It helps in the transformation of raw materials into furnished goods that are higher in price and value.
Question. Mention the challenges faced by the jute industries in India. With what objectives the National Jute Policy was formed in 2005?
Ans. Challenges faced by Jute Industries are as follows:
(1) Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes.
(2) Stiff competition from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. Objectives of National Jute Policy-2005: In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with the objectives of increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and enhancing the yield per hectare.
Question. Classify industries on the basis of their main roles. How are they different from each other?
Ans. On the basis of their main roles manufacturing industries can be classified as-
(1) Basic or key industries
(2) Consumer industries Basic or key industries supply their goods as raw materials to manufacture other goods, whereas consumer industries produce goods for direct consumption by the consumers. Iron and steel industries, copper smelting industries, etc. are examples of basic or key industries, whereas sugar industries, soap industries, etc. are examples of consumer industries.
Question. Read the source given below and answer the question that follows: Consequently, manufacturing activity tends to locate at the most appropriate place where all the factors of industrial location are either available or can be arranged at lower cost. After an industrial activity starts, urbanisation follows. “Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand”. Explain and validate the statement.
Ans. As soon as any industrial activity starts in a town, urbanisation follows. Industry provides employment to skilled and semiskilled labourers in large numbers. Population migrates from rural hinterlands to seek jobs in these industries. Once mass migration occurs, the town develops its housing and transportation facilities to accommodate these people. Schools, colleges, markets, hospitals and other infrastructural facilities follow once the living standard of the inhabitants is capable enough to support them. Slowly, an uninhabited town becomes a fully-functional city with all kinds of facilities available for its citizens. Thus Industrialisation and Urbanisation go hand in hand.
Question. How do industrial units cause air pollution? Explain.
Ans. Industrial units cause air pollution in the following ways:
(1) Industries that ignore pollution norms cause air pollution created by the presence of high proportion of gases.
(2) Air borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles, which get released into the atmosphere during production.
(3) Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels belong to the major polluting industries.
Long Answer Type Questions
Question. Why is the economic strength of a country measured by the development of manufacturing industries ? Explain with examples.
Ans. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries because ! Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy. For example, these provide tractors, thresher, irrigation pumping machines and other modern machineries for agricultural development. ! Manufacturing also reduces the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. ! Industrial development helps in removal of unemployment and poverty. It also aims at bringing down regional differences by establishing industries in backward areas. For example, handloom industries in tribal regions. ! Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings much needed foreign exchange. ! Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous.
Question. Explain any three physical factors and two human factors for the location of the industry.
Or
Explain with examples any five factors that are responsible for industrial location.
Or
Explain any three factors affecting the localisation of industries with suitable examples.
Ans. The physical and human factors that affect the location of industry are Physical Factors
(i) Availability of Raw Materials The factory needs to be close to the location of raw material if they are heavy and bulky to transport. For example, iron and steel industry is located near the source of raw material.
(ii) Water Source Water is an important factor that determines the location of industries. Water is required for various industrial processes. River water and waterfalls can also be used to generate hydroelectricity.
(iii) Climate It plays a significant role in establishment of industries. Harsh climate is not much suitable for industries. Extremely hot, humid, dry or cold climate is not very conducive for industries. For example, cotton textile industry requires humid climate because thread breaks in dry climate. Human Factors
(i) Labour A large and cheap labour force is required for labour-intensive and manufacturing industries. High-tech industries have to be located where suitable skilled workers are available.
(ii) Capital This is the money that is invested to start a business. The amount of capital will determine the size and location of the factor. (iii) Government Policies Industrial development is encouraged in some areas and restricted in others. Industries that are located in backward areas may receive financial incentives and assistance from the government in the form of low rent and tax rates.
Question. Which factor plays the most dominant role in the ideal location of an industry? Explain any three reasons in support of this factor.
Ans. Least cost factor plays the most dominant role for the ideal location of an industry due to the following reasons
(i) Cost of obtaining raw material at the factory site should be minimum i.e. raw materials should be available nearby or may be transported cheaply to the industrial location.
(ii) The factory should be located as such that the manufactured products may easily be distributed or transported to the market at the least cost by rail, road or water transport.
(iii) Cost of manufacturing at the factory site should be low. This means that trained experienced labour should be readily available locally or in nearby areas, electric power supply should be readily available and cheap. Also, land for locating the industry should be available at proper rates.
Question. Why does the textile industry occupy an important position in the Indian economy ? Explain.
Ans. Textile industry occupies unique position in Indian economy because
(i) Contribution to Industrial Production This industry is self-reliant and complete in the value chain, which means from production of cotton to processing of textiles, all the procedures are well developed and done in the country.
(ii) Employment Generation This industry generates employment for large number of persons directly or indirectly. (iii) Demand Creation Textile industries create demand for other industries such as chemicals, dyes, packaging materials, engineering works, handicrafts industry etc. (iv) Foreign Exchange Earnings By exporting the products of this industry, the country earns foreign exchange.
(v) Supports Agriculture This is a major agro-based industry of India and supports agriculture in a big way both by buying agricultural output (cotton) and by providing agricultural inputs (hybrid cotton seeds, implements).
Question. Which states of India have the maximum extent of cotton textile growth? Give four reasons for its concentration in this state.
Ans. Maharashtra and Gujarat states have the maximum extent of cotton textile growth. The reasons for the concentration of cotton textile industry in these states are
(i) Availability of Raw Materials Due to favourable soil type and other climatic conditions, cotton is grown in a vast area in these states. So, raw materials are available in plenty.
(ii) Transport These states are well connected to the rest of the country by rail and road. Also, they have many large ports from where the finished products can be easily exported.
(iii) Market They also enjoy well-developed markets where there is lot of demands for cotton textiles. (iv) Labour Although they have locally available cheap labour force, they are supported by migrant labours from the other states.
(v) Moist Climate For cotton cultivation, moist climate is a must. These states have favourable climatic conditions.
Question. Why does the ‘Chota Nagpur Plateau region’ have the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries? Analyse the reasons.
Or
Explain the reasons for concentration of iron and steel industries in and around Chotanagpur region.
Ans. The reasons/factors responsible for the concentration of iron and steel industries in and around the ‘Chotanagpur Plateau Region’ are
(i) Low Cost of Iron Ore Iron mines are located in the nearby areas. It helps to reduce the transportation cost of iron ore to the industries.
(ii) High Grade Raw Materials in Proximity Bulky raw materials like, coking coal, limestone are also available in proximity.
(iii) Availability of Cheap Labour From the adjoining areas of Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha, cheap labour is available in abundance.
(iv) Dense Transport Network This region is well connected with roadways and railways that help in the swift movement of raw materials and finished goods to the industry and market areas, respectively.
(v) Port Facilities Kolkata is a well developed port that is near to this area.
Question. How are industries responsible for environmental degradation in India? Explain with examples.
Ans. Industries are responsible for environmental degradation in India as they pollute the environment by polluting air, water and land in following ways
(i) Air Pollution Industries cause air pollution by the emission of gases from industrial complexes and power generation units. Leakage of poisonous gases and chemicals and smoke from chemical industries also lead to air pollution.
(iii) Water Pollution It is caused when industrial effluents both organic and inorganic are discharged into rivers or other water bodies. Industries like paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries discharge detergents acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastic and rubber, etc. into water bodies.
(iii) Thermal Pollution This pollution occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. It badly affects the aquatic life. For example, wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production causes cancers, birth defects, miscarriages etc. Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and thus ground water also gets contaminated.
(iv) Noise Pollution Undesirable noise pollution from industries like construction, running of generators to generate power, electrical drills, etc. is responsible for disturbing our environment. Noise pollution not only irritates us, but it also causes hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure etc.
Question. ‘‘Sugar industry in India is facing challenges.’’ Analyse the statement with suitable arguments.
Ans. Challenges faced by Sugar Industry:
(1) Seasonal nature of industry.
(2) Old machinery.
(3) Ineffcient method of production.
(4) Transport delay.
(5) The need to maximize the use of baggase.
(6) Any other relevant point.
Question. Explain the factors which are responsible for location of industries.
Ans. Factors responsible for location of industries are –
(1) Easy availability of raw material – Industries are located close to a place where uninterrupted, easy and cheap sources of raw material are found along with fast and easy transportation.
(2) Availability of cheap labour – Industries are generally located in close proximity to highly populated regions which become easy and inexhaustible sources of cheap labour.
(3) Availability of capital – Money or capital is an essential factor needed without which production is not possible. Thus, banking facilities help provide capital to the investor in the form of loans.
(4) Availability of uninterrupted power supply.
(5) Availability of market to sell goods made in industries, with easy transportational and communication facilities are also very important for location of an industry.
(6) Availability of Water: Water is one of the major things required in any industry. It is very important in deciding an appropriate location.
Question. What is the manufacturing sector ? Why is it considered the backbone of development? Interpret the reason.
Ans. Definition of Manufacturing Sector: Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. It is considered as backbone of development because:
(1) It not only helps in modernising agriculture but also forms the backbone of our economy.
(2) Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.
(3) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce.
(4) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous.
(5) Any other relevant point.
Question. Explain the ways through which the industrial pollution of fresh water can be reduced.
Ans. Ways to reduce industrial water pollution are –
(1) Minimising water usage for processing and other steps in various equipments by reusing the same water again and again and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
(2) Harvesting rainwater to meet household water requirements and also to help rejuvenate ground water can also reduce water pollution.
(3) Treatment of hot water and affluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds multiple times to avoid release of toxins like arsenic, lead and mercury.
(4) Segregation of wastes into various categories and appropriate treatment thereafter can also help save plastic from being dumped into water bodies. Plastics choke aquatic animals, thus killing them.
(5) Reducing usage of non-biodegradable plastic, paper and other synthetic fibres can help generate less disposable waste. Biodegradable and reusable fibres and materials should be encouraged.
(6) Regulation of the usage of ground water by industries.
(7) Installing water treatment plants at the industrial sites for recycling.
(8) Treating chemical and acidic waste before releasing in water bodies.
Question. “Many of our spinners export cotton yarn while apparel manufacturers have to import fabric.” Explain this statement with appropriate reasons.
Answer : (i) India has a world class production and quality in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality of fabric because they are fragmented in small units. The mismatch is a major drawback.
(ii) Although the production of staple cotton has increased but we still need to import good quality staple cotton.
(iii) The industries also face erratic power supply problems which decreases labour productivity.
(iv) Then there is a stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry and Jute textiles. The machineries are not upgrade.
Question. “The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.” Support the statement with arguments.
OR
Analyse the role of the manufacturing sector in the economic development of India.
OR
Why is the economic strength of a country measured by the development of manufacturing industries? Explain with examples.
Answer : The economic development of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries in the following ways –
(i) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture which forms the backbone of our economy.
(ii) They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
(iii) Industrial development is pre-condition for the eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.
(iv) Manufacturing goods expand trade and commerce.
(v) Export brings in much needed foreign exchange.
(vi) Manufacturing is the process of value addition.
(vii) It also brings down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
(viii) It increases the GDP/ National Income of the country.
Question. Describe any five factors responsible for the concentration of iron and steel industry in and around Chhota Nagpur Plateau region.
OR
Explain any five factors that are responsible for concentration of ‘iron and steel’ industries mainly in ‘Chhotanagpur Plateau Region’
Answer : Concentration of iron and steel industries in
Chhotanagpur Plateau Region :
(i) High grade raw material in proximity.
(ii) Availability of labour.
(iii) Raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky containing heavy transport cost.
(iv) Roads and railways transport facilities are available.
(v) Vast growth potential in the home market.
(vi) Low cost iron ore.
Question. Explain any five measures to control industrial pollution in
Answer : Five ways to reduce industrial pollution are listed below :
(i) Restructuring the manufacturing processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants, through a process called pollution prevention.
(ii) Creating cooling ponds, which are man-made and are designed to cool the heated water from industries by evaporation, condensation and radiation.
(iii) Filtration of sewage in water treatment plants attached to industries.
(iv) Instructing industries to be set up far from residential areas.
(v) Backing the constitutional provisions by a number of laws − acts, rules, and notifications.
Question. Explain any five factors affecting the location of an industry.
Answer : The factors affecting the location of an industry :
(i) Availability of raw material: Large quantities of raw materials are needed for industries. Therefore industries are located near the source of raw materials. It saves the cost of transportation.
(ii) Availability of cheap labour: This factor also adds to the cost effectiveness aspect of an industry.
(iii) Availability of capital and bank facilities: Industry can be in need of financial resources at any time. Therefore, it is necessary that an industry has these facilities available easily.
(iv) Availability of power and other infrastructure: It is important that basic facilities like electricity etc. are available.
(v) Proximity to markets: An industry needs to have a sound market for the goods produced.
(vi) Availability of adequate and swift means of transport: Modern industries need cheap, developed and quick means of transportation.
Question. Describe the various physical and human factors responsible for the location of industries.
Answer : (i) Physical Factors :
(a) Availability of raw materials—Ideal location should be near the sources of raw materials.
(b) Power resources—Power resources like coal and electricity must be available for the industry.
(c) Water and favourable climate.
(ii) Human Factors :
(a) Cheap and efficient labour
(b) Capital and bank facilities
(c) Good market
(d) Transport facility
Question. Explain any two main challenges faced by the jute industry in India. Explain any three objectives of the National Jute Policy.
Ans. Challenges faced by the jute industry in India are:
(1) Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes.
(2) Supply competition from other jute producing nations like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand.
(3) Small farmers face hard competition from outside India. The major objective of the National Jute Policy, 2005 are:
(1) To increase productivity by producing more and providing material to farmers on lower rates.
(2) To improve quality by providing them good material.
(3) Ensuring fair prices for the jute farmers by fixing prices.
(4) Enhancing the yield per hectare.
(5) The internal demand for jute has been on the increase.
(6) The government made the use of jute packaging mandatory.
Question. Why does the textile industry occupy an important position in the Indian economy? Explain.
OR ÅExplain the contribution of the textile industry in the Indian economy.
Ans. The textile industry occupies an important position in the Indian economy because:
(1) It contributes significantly to industrial production (14%).
(2) It generates employment for about 35 million people.
(3) It earns foreign exchange of about 24.6 percent.
(4) It generates about 4 per cent of the GDP.
(5) It is the only industry in India which is selfreliant and complete in the value chain,i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products, all inputs are created in India.
Question. ‘The challenge of sustainable development requires control over industrial pollution.’Substantiate the statement with examples.
Ans. (1) On one hand Industries lead to extensive industrial growth and expansion, other hand these are also the cause of environmental degeneration which prompt to the different type of air, water pollution.
(2) There is an increasing requirement to use a further sustainable model.
(3) Industries must produce eco-friendly products and dump wastes responsibly (4) Use of latest technology can help industries to control pollution and lead towards sustainable mode of operation.
(5) Industries use- Reuse-Recycle-Refuse approach.
(6) If necessary, dump waste in specified places, away from the land and water sources, for example- before dumping treat well and make useful forother than drinking purpose,stop using thermal plants in some of the locations.
Question. Suggest any five measures to control industrial pollution in India.
Ans. Measures to control industrial pollution:
(1) Fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators.
(2) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
(3) Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers
(4) Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy effciency a nd reduce noise.
(5) Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.
Question. Explain any five factors that are responsible for the location of the jute mills mainly along the banks of the Hugli River.
Ans. Factors that are responsible for the location of the jute mills mainly along the banks of the Hugli River are:
(1) The proximity of the jute producing areas cuts down the transportation cost.
(2) Low-cost water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways, helps the movement of raw material to the mills.
(3) Presence of abundant water for processing raw jute.
(4) Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh helps in cutting down the cost.
(5) Kolkata as an urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for the export of jute goods.
(6) Kolkata port facility is available which helps to transport finished goods to other places easily.
