Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Social Science Notes and Questions

(d) Textile Industry

To improve the productivity of the industrial sector. However, this has been wound up in March 2016.

(b) Bangladesh

Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture which forms the backbone of our economy. Apart from this, manufacturing industries also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural  income. This becomes  possible  because  of  creation  of new jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. Industrial development helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty. When a country manufactures its own products, it becomes more self-reliant. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce  and brings in much needed foreign exchange. A country  with high level of manufacturing activities becomes prosperous.

Industrial sector provides the basic inputs to the agricultural sector such as tractors, harvesting machines, fertilizers etc., that make the   basic inputs  for the sector. It helps in modernization of the agricultural activity. The industrial sector provides employment to a large number of people and improves their economic status. These people in turn  are able to buy more of the agricultural products such as food items, clothes etc. Thus the industrial sector improves employment. Because of industrial sector value is added to goods. The country can export products instead of raw materials.

The economic strength of a country lies in the development of manufacturing industries:

(i)   Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture which forms the backbone of our economy.

(ii)  It reduces the heavy dependence of people on agriculture sector and creatis jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

(iii) It   is   necessary   for   the   removal   of unemployment and poverty.

(iv) It brings down regional disparities.

(v)  Export of manufactured goods expand trade and commerce and enhances prosperity.

(vi) It brings much needed foreign exchange.

(a) Industries provide agricultural implements machine and other products to the agricultural sector such as PVC pipes, irrigation pumps, fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides etc.

(b) Due to these products provided by the industries to the agricultural sector, the agricultural production  increases. These inputs also improve the efficiency of production.

(c)   Green revolution in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh was achieved only because the industries provided products like fertilizers and tractors and irrigation pumps to the farmers.

(d)  Thus,  agricultural  development  is  possible only due to the support from the manufacturing industries

(e)   Because of the inputs from the industry the employment opportunities in the agricultural sector also increases.

Impact  of  liberalisation  on  automobile industry are :

(i)   Multi-utility vehicles have been introduced.

(ii)  The coming of new and contemporary models which are of international quality.

(iii) Healthy growth and expansion of the market.

(iv) FDI in new technology has come.

(v)  The industry has achieved global standard.

(i) The    introduction     of    new    and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in India.

(ii)  Foreign  Direct  Investment  (FDI)  brought in new technology and aligned the industry with global development. The two centres of automobile industry are Jamshedpur and Gurgaon.

People employed in the secondary activities that is manufacturing convert the primary materials into finished goods. The workers employed in steel factories, car, breweries, textile industries, bakeries etc. fall into this category. The share of manufacturing sector in the Indian GDP (Gross  Domestic Product)  has  been  relatively stagnant at 17% , this is also because other sectors have also been growing steadily.

Importance of Manufacturing in the economic development:

1. Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture;  which  helps  in  the  efficiencies in agricultural practices.

2. It reduces the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income. This becomes possible because of creation of new jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

3. Industrial development helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty. Industries in underdeveloped areas reduce regional disparity.

4. Export of high quality manufactured  goods expands trade and commerce faster and brings in much needed foreign exchange. This is many times better than exporting basic raw materials as was happening during the British era.

5. A country with high level of manufacturing activities becomes prosperous.

Manufacturing  sector is considered the backbone of an economy because of the following reasons :

(a)   Utilization of Natural Resources: Utilization of huge volume of natural resources has become possible with the development of industries in the country.

(b)  Balanced  Sectoral   Development:   Growth of Industrialization in the country can attain balanced sectoral development and it can reduce the too much dependence of the economy on the agricultural sector.

(c) Enhanced Capital Formation: Increasing volume of investment in industries has led to enhancement in the rate of capital formation in the country.

(d) Increase in National Income and Foreign Exchange:- Industries contribute a good portion of the total national income of our country.

(e)   Increase in Job Opportunities: It Increases the job opportunities for a large section of population of the country.

(f )   Development   of   Industries   brings   down regional economic and social disparities as incomes rise and people from different strata of the society work together.

(i)  It  contributes  approximately 3% of the GDP.

(ii)  It is the 3rd largest in Asia and occupies the 6th place in the world.

(iii) It consists both large and small scale manufacturing units.

(iv) Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sector. Organic chemicals include petrochemicals which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, rubber, plastics, and dye stuffs. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastics, adhesives, paints, etc.

(v) The chemical industry is its own largest consumer with value addition.

The Cotton Textile Industry  forms the largest single industry  in India. Every year the Cotton Textile Industry produces 30% – 35%` of the total industrial products in the country.

In a developing country like India, the Cotton Textile Industry  is very important,  for it has to meet the demand for clothes  from within the country  and also for exports.

Manufacturing  sector is considered the backbone of an economy because of the following reasons :

(a)   Utilization of Natural Resources: Utilization of huge volume of natural resources has become possible with the development of industries in the country.

(b)  Balanced  Sectoral   Development:   Growth of Industrialization in the country can attain balanced sectoral development and it can reduce the too much dependence of the economy on the agricultural sector.

(c) Enhanced Capital Formation: Increasing volume of investment in industries has led to enhancement in the rate of capital formation in the country.

(d) Increase in National Income and Foreign Exchange:- Industries contribute a good portion of the total national income of our country.

(e)   Increase in Job Opportunities: It Increases the job opportunities for a large section of population of the country.

(f )   Development   of   Industries   brings   down regional economic and social disparities as incomes rise and people from different strata of the society work together.

(i)  Agro industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.

(ii)  Industries depend on agriculture for their raw materials.

(iii) Industries sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, etc., the farmers.

(iv) Industries have made production processes of agriculture very efficient.

(v)  Income generated by industrial sector makes its workers richer so they can afford more food stuff. Similarly money is the hand of agricultural labour makes him able to afford more manufactured goods.

Ideal location  of the  industry  depends  on many factors which combines to make the “least cost factor”. It includes important factors like distance from raw material source, nearness to the market, transport and communication facilities etc.

(c) Bangalore

(c) BPO

The interdependence  of agriculture and industries is based on many things like adequate rainfall and good crops.

Some of the examples are when the rains fail the crops fail, the industries suffer and we have losses in our business as the purchasing power falls.

If the cotton crops fail the clothing industries suffer and the industries suffer.

If the  poultry  farms does not  produce  enough eggs the bakery industries which use egg as their important ingredient suffers.

On the basis of sources of raw material industries are classified as:

Agro based: Agro based industries draw their raw materials from agricultural products. For example, Textiles, Sugar, Coffee, Tea and Edible Oil, etc. Mineral based: They draw their raw material from minerals. For example, Iron and Steel industries, cement, petrochemicals, etc.

While in agro based industries value addition is done at every stage; in case of mineral based industries refining is a more important activity.

The textile industry  occupies a unique position in Indian economy, because it contributes :

(i) Significantly to industrial production (14 percent).

(ii) It generates employment (35 million persons directly).

(iii) Earns foreign exchange (about 24.6 percent).

(iv) It  contributes to a larger amount towards GDP (4 percent)

(v) Only industry in the country which is self- reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.

Industries can be classified according to the role they play in the economy of the country. They are :

(a)   Basic or  key industries  which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminium smelting. These industries help in the establishment of other industries.

(b)  Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers – sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, electric fans etc.

(i)  Classification of  the  industries  on  the basis of capital investment :
(a)   Small Scale Industry
(b)  Large Scale industry

(ii)  Difference  :

Small scale Industries : They employ less number of people and capital. Most of the work is done by small machines and manpower. They use less raw material and their production is also less. Example Radio, TV making, agricultural implements etc.

Large scale Industries : These industries employ large  number  of  people  and  capital.  Work  is done by large machines and manpower. They use large amount of raw materials and produce more products. Examples are textile industry, steel industry, etc.

Classification of Industries  on  the  basis of ownership :

Textile Industry: The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy, because it contributes significantly to industrial production (14 per cent), employment generation ( over 40 million persons directly – the second largest after agriculture) and foreign exchange earnings (about $ 40 billion). It contributes 4 per cent towards GDP.

It is the only industry in the country, which is self- reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value-added products Textile  industries create demand for other industries such as chemicals, dyes, packaging materials  and  engineering  works. Thus, it  can be concluded that the textile industry occupies a unique position in Indian economy.

Shifting of sugar industries to southern states is because :

(i) Sugarcane that grows there has a higher sucrose content.

(ii) Favourable climate provides longer crushing period and growing season.

(iii) Cooperatives are successful in these states.

(iv) Modern mills have more crushing capacity.

Iron and steel industry is the basic industry as :

(i) All the other industries depend on it for their machinery.

(ii) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods.

(iii) It provides variety of consumer goods.

(iv) Construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment,  are the  gift of iron and steel industry.

(a) High cost and limited availability of coking coal.

(b) Lower productivity of labor.

(c) Poor transport infrastructure.

(d) Irregular supply of electricity.

(i)  An integrated steel plant is larger than a mini steel plant.

(ii)  Mini steel plant use steel scrap and sponge iron  while integrated  steel plants use basic raw materials i.e., iron ore for making steel.

(iii) Mini steel plant produces mild and alloy steel while integrated steel plant produces only steel.

The importance of IT sector is as follows  :

(i)  It has provided employment to over one million people.

(ii) This industry is a major foreign exchange earner.

(iii) It has helped in the growth of the service sector in India.

The factors affecting the location of a industry :

(i)   Availability of raw material.

(ii)  Availability of cheap labour.

(iii) Availability of capital and bank facilities.

(iv) Availability of power and other infrastructure.

(v)  Proximity to markets.

(vi) Proximity of adequate and efficient means of transport.

Cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt in the early years because:

(i) Availability of raw cotton e.g. belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat.

(ii) Nearness to market

(iii) Efficient transport facility

(iv) Port facilities for export

(v) Cheap labour

(vi) Moist climate

(i)  The  weaving,  knitting  and  processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country.
Therefore, many  of our  spinners  export  cotton yarn while apparel/garment  manufacturers  have to import fabric.

(ii)  If  weaving sector  is  improved,  then  yarn can be used in the country and garments can be exported to earn more foreign exchanges for the country.

Factors for the concentration of jute mills in West Bengal are as follows.

(i) Proximity of the jute producing areas

(ii)  Inexpensive water transport

(iii) Abundant water for jute processing

(iv) Cheap and skilled labour

(v) Port facilities for export

(vi) Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking and insurance facilities.

(i)  Steel production  is the backbone of any country’s economy since it is the basic unit for the development of the nation.

(ii)  Almost every industry depends on iron and steel for its manufacturing and production.

(iii) In today’s era of globalisation, consumption of goods is increasing. Thus, it can be concluded that growth in production  of steel is regarded as the index of country’s development.

Factors responsible for concentration of iron and steel industries in Chhota Nagpur Plateau :

(i) Low cost and high quality of iron-ore

(ii) High grade raw material in proximity

(iii) Cheap labour

(iv) Vast growth potential in the home market

(v) Good transport connectivity

(vi) Availability of water resources

Three steps to minimize the environmental degradation caused by industrial development in India are :

(i) Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.

(ii) Harvesting of rain water to meet water requirements.

(iii) Treating  hot  water and effluents  before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

(iv) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacke to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.

(v)  Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.

(vi) Generators should be fitted with silencers.

(vii) Almost all machineries can be redesigned  to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.

Major challenges of sugar industry are :

(i) Seasonal nature of the industry.

(ii) Old and inefficient methods  of production.

(iii) Transport delay in reaching to sugar factories and the need to maximise the use of bagasse.

Industries   are  responsible  for  four  types of pollution  i.e., :  
(i) Air (ii) Water  (iii) Noise (iv) Land.

(i) Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion  of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Smoke is emitted by factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories. Air pollution is also caused by fine dust particles from construction industry.

(ii) Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents discharged into rivers. The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries and electroplating industries. They let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury, into water bodies. Pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc., also pollute Into the water bodies.

(iii) Noise pollution  is due  to  industrial  and construction  activities. Machinery and electric drills cause hearing problems and irritation.

(iv) Land Pollution is caused by damping of waste as glass and harmful chemicals and sludge.

Fresh water sources are polluted by organic and inorganic wastes and effluents discharged by industries into rivers. The main culprits are paper and pulp, chemical, textile petroleum, refineries, tanneries, etc.

(i)  Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.

(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.

(iii) Treatment of hot water and effluents before releasing them in river and ponds.

Although industrialization has contributed significantly to India’s economic growth and development the increase in pollution has resulted in gross degradation of our environment. Different industries  are  responsible  for  the  pollution  of (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise.

•    Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion  of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide in air.

•    Airborne particulate materials contain both solid and  liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke. Smoke is emitted by burning of fossil fuels in different industries   such as  brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants etc.

•      Many times pollution norms are not followed by the industries. The effluents are not treated before their discharge into air or water bodies.

•    Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects; as happened after  the Bhopal Gas tragedy. Hence meticulous maintenance of equipment is necessary.

•    Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers and lakes. The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and  dyeing, petroleum  refineries, tanneries  and electroplating industries.

•    They release   toxic dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury, various pesticides, fertilizers, synthetic chemicals, plastics and rubber etc., into the water bodies.

•    Fly ash, phospho- gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.

•    Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling; this greatly harms the aquatic plants and animals.

•    Mismanagement  of wastes from nuclear power plants can cause cancers and birth defects.

•    Soil and water pollution are closely related. Dumping of wastes such as    glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging materials, salts and garbage renders the soil useless. Rain water percolates through the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets contaminated.

•    Noise pollution not only results in irritation and  anger. Unwanted  sound  is an  irritant  and a cause of stress. Industrial and construction activities machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills also make a lot of noise. Health problems caused by sound pollution include : hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure and other physiological effects

Following are the challenges faced by jute industries in India :

1.    High cost of production

2.    Storage of raw Jute is a problem.

3.    Shortage of supply of electricity.

4.    Growth of Jute mills in Bangladesh and loss of foreign market.

5.   Emergence of synthetic substitute of jute leading to loss in demand and fall in prices.

The Indian  government has taken the following steps to boost Jute production :

(i)   Government has made it compulsory in the country to use jute packaging.

(ii)  In  2005,  our  government  formulated  the National Jute policy with the following aims:
To expand production, enhance quality. To provide good prices to the farmers.

The pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment are as follows:

(i)   Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.

(ii)  Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.

(iii) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and afforestation.

(iv) Reducing environmental, pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.

(v)  Ecological monitoring, review and online database management for all its power stations.

Five ways to reduce industrial pollution are as follows  :

(i)   Restructuring the manufacturing processes to reduce pollutant by pollution prevention methods.

(ii)  Creating cooling ponds, which are designed to cool the hot waters from industries.

(iii) Treatment of sewage in water treatment plants attached to industries.

(iv) Polluting industries should be set-up far from residential areas.

(v)  Industries must follow the government norms of pollution control strictly.